FLOOR

A floor is the bottom surface of a room. A floor often has a "subfloor" beneath its walking surface, which may include floor heating, and conduits for water and electricity. Installing a floor covering is called "flooring".

FLOOR COVERING-is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface.

1.CARPET is a floor covering woven or felted from natural or man-made fibers.

2.LAMINATE is a floor covering that appears similar to hardwood but is made with a plywood or medium density fiberboard core with a plastic laminate top layer.

3.WOOD flooring any different species of wood are fabricated into wood flooring in two primary forms: plank and parquet. Bamboo flooring is also available. While bamboo is technically not a wood, bamboo flooring is installed and functions much like wood flooring.

4. CERAMIC TILE includes a wide variety of clay products fired into thin units which are set in beds of mortar or mastic with the joints between tiles grouted. Varieties include quarry tile, porcelain tile, terra cotta tile, and others.

5.TERRAZZO consists of marble or other stone aggregate set in mortar and ground and polished to a smooth surface.

ROOF

A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather. Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous.
In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind. Other types of structure, for example, a garden conservatory, might use roofing that protects against cold, wind and rain but admits light. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements.
The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation.

TRUSS

truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. External forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members which are either tensile or compressive forces.
A planar truss is one where all the members and nodes lie within a two dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and nodes extending into three dimensions.

PRATT TRUSS:
was patented in 1844 by two Boston railway engineers[5]; Caleb Pratt and his son Thomas Willis Pratt[6]. The design uses vertical beams for compression and horizontal beams to respond to tension. What is remarkable about this style is that it remained popular even as wood gave way to iron, and even still as iron gave way to steel.
BOW STRING ROOF TRUSS:
Named for its distinctive shape, thousands of bow strings were used during World War II for aircraft hangars and other military buildings.
TOWN'S LATTICE TRUSS:
American architect Ithie Town designed Town's Lattice Truss as an alternative to heavy-timber bridges. His design, patented in 1835, uses easy-to-handle planks arranged diagonally with short spaces in between them.
THE VIERENDEL TRUSS:
is a truss where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. Regular trusses comprise members that are commonly assumed to have pinned joints with the implication that no moments exist at the jointed ends. This style of truss was named after the Belgian engineer Arthur Vierendeel, who developed the design in 1896.
The beauty of this type of truss is that there is no diagonal bracing, the creation of rectangular openings for windows and doors is simplified and in cases the need for compensating shear walls is reduced or eliminated.

HOLLOW BLOCKS

Concrete hollow blocks or CHB is generally used for house construction. its name is derived from its appearance having holes or hollow spaces. it varies widely in size shapes and cost. but generally a 4 inches thick CHB is widely used in the Philippines in constructing houses.
Concrete hollow blocks are usually made of sand gravel and cement and is mixed by water, some put others materials to make it more strong,then the mixture is put in CHB shaper.

BEAMS

A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.

Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members. In Light frame construction the joists rest on the beam.